Endnotes
1
“Cultural Tolerance for Divorce Grows to 70%.” Gallup’s 2008 Values and Beliefs Survey. May 19, 2008.
http://www.gallup.com/poll/107380/Cultural-Tolerance-Divorce-Grows-70.aspx (accessed January 4, 2009).
2
Fur Council of Canada. “Fur is Green.” http://www.furcouncil.com/ecological.aspx (accessed March 27, 2008).
3
International Fur Trade Federation. “Fast Facts.” http://www.iftf.com/iftf_3_2_2.php (accessed October 15, 2008).
4
United States. The Pew Charitable Trusts and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Putting Meat
on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America – A Report of the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm
Animal Production. Washington: The Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 2008: 23.
5
Bursian, S.J., et al. “The Use of Phytase as a Feed Supplement to Enhance Utilization and Reduce Excretion of
Phosphorus in Mink.” Fur Rancher Blue Book of Fur Farming 2003: 8.
6
Sustainable Table, Water Pollution, http://www.sustainabletable.org/issues/waterpollution/ (accessed January 22,
2009).
7
Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production, International Finance
Corporation, World Bank Group,
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_MammalianLivestock/$FILE/Final
+-+Mammalian+Livestock+Production.pdf (accessed January 22, 2009); Ribaudo, Marc, and Robert Johansson.
“Water Quality: Impacts of Agriculture,” in Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2006 Edition,
USDA Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin 16, July 2006: 36.
8
Fangmeier A., A. Hadwiger-Fangmeier, L. Van Der Eerden, and H.-J. Jager (1994), Effects of Atmospheric
Ammonia on Vegetation: A Review, Environ. Pollut. 86(1), 43-82; Ribaudo, Marc, and Robert Johansson, “Water
Quality: Impacts of Agriculture,” in Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2006 Edition, USDA
Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin 16, July 2006: 36.
9
Farm Safety Association. Manure Gas Dangers. Guelph, Ontario (Canada): Farm Safety Association, Inc., 2002:
1.
10
EU for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease, Research Group Meeting, 99, Appendix 23, Deciding How to
Dispose of Large Numbers of Animal Carcasses in an Environmentally Friendly Manner, John Ryan, EUFMD
Secretariat, http://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/commissions/en/eufmd/app/maison/app23.html (accessed January 22,
2009).
11
Van der Marel, Ryan, Keith Pickthron, Peter Duinker. “Review of Waste Management Options for Fur Farming in
Newfoundland and Labrador: Final Report.” Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, 2008.
12
EU for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease, Research Group Meeting, 99, Appendix 23, Deciding How to
Dispose of Large Numbers of Animal Carcasses in an Environmentally Friendly Manner, John Ryan, EUFMD
Secretariat, http://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/commissions/en/eufmd/app/maison/app23.html (accessed January 22,
2009).
13
The scope of the European Commission IPPC reference document refers to the tanning of hides and skins of
bovine and ovine origin.
14
European Commission. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Reference Document on Best
Available Techniques for the Tanning of Hides and Skins. February 2003: i-ii; 9; 12.
15
The scope of the European Commission IPPC reference document refers to the tanning of hides and skins of
bovine and ovine origin.
16
European Commission. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Reference Document on Best
Available Techniques for the Tanning of Hides and Skins. February 2003: i.
17
Hettige Hemamala, Paul Martin, Manjula Singh, and David Wheeler, 1994. “The Industrial Pollution Projection
System,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #1431 (Part 1).
18
United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Press Release, 8 October 1991, EPA Seeks $2.2 Million in
Penalties from Six NJ Firms in the Fur Industry for Hazardous Waste Violations.
19
Xian, Vivian. China, Where American Mink gets Glamour, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN Report,
May 16, 2007, http://www.furcommission.com/resource/Resources/GAIN07.pdf (accessed January 22, 2009).
20
Pollution Tax Revived, Fur Market Report, Parker Dozhier, The Trapper and Predator Caller, Vol. 32, No. 10,
December 2007.
21
United States. The Pew Charitable Trusts and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Putting Meat
on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America – A Report of the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm
Animal Production. Washington: The Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 2008, 51.0.
22
United States. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Fur Harvester Rules.
http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10363_10880-31600--,00.html (accessed August 22, 2008).
23
United States. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Trapping Regulations.
http://www.ohiodnr.com/wildlife/dow/regulations/trapping.aspx#regulations (accessed August 22, 2008).
24
United States. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2008 Wisconsin Trapping Regulations.
http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/regs/08TrappingRegs.pdf (accessed August 22, 2008).
25
Doth, Jake. “Top to Bottom Watershed Lynx ‘Line’.” Fur-Fish-Game January 2008: 14.
26
Welker, Roland. “The Wolverine Way: Living the Alaska Trapline Adventure.” Fur-Fish-Game October 2007: 24.
27
Dozhier, Parker. “Fur Market Report.” The Trapper and Predator Caller September 2008: 12-13.
28
The scope of the European Commission IPPC reference document refers to the tanning of hides and skins of
bovine and ovine origin.
29
European Commission. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Reference Document on Best
Available Techniques for the Tanning of Hides and Skins. February 2003: x.
30
Joergensen, Gunnar, ed. Mink Production. Denmark: Scientifur, 1985.
31
Fur Information Council of America website http://www.fur.org/faqs.cfm (accessed August 15, 2008).
32
Sandy Parker reports, Volume 22, Issue 8, 1998.
33
“Furs.” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition, 1985-1996.
34
“Furs.” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition, 1985-1996; Tanneries,
International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement, http://www.inece.org/mmcourse/chapt5.pdf
(accessed January 22, 2009). (Information in this report taken from An Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices in Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry).
35
United States. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006 Reporting Year List of TRI Chemicals.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf (accessed December 11, 2008).
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid.
38
Ibid.
39
Ibid.
40
Ibid.
41
Ibid.
42
Fur Council of Canada. “Fur Production is ‘Earth-Friendly’.” http://www.furcouncil.com/earth-friendly.aspx
(accessed September 12, 2008).
43
United States. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupational
Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances. Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR
1910,1048. http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10075
(accessed January 22, 2009).
44
United States. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006 Reporting Year List of TRI Chemicals.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf (accessed December 11, 2008).
45
AAFA-RSL July 2008 – Release 3. Chart.
http://www.apparelandfootwear.org/UserFiles/File/Restricted%20Substance%20List/AAFARSLFinalRelease3.pdf
(accessed August 21, 2008).
46
State of California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. August 1, 2008.
http://www.oehha.org/Prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single080108.pdf (accessed August 21, 2008).
47
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Press Release No. 153, June 15, 2004, IARC Classifies
Formaldehyde as Carcinogenic to Humans, World Health Organization; World Health Organization International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs - Group 1: Carcinogenic to Humans.” (Vol. 88; 2006).
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/crthgr01.php (accessed January 13, 2009).
48
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Press Release No. 153, June 15, 2004, IARC Classifies
Formaldehyde as Carcinogenic to Humans, World Health Organization.
49
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department.
Management of Waste from Animal Product Processing. The Netherlands, 1996.
http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/LEAD/X6114E/x6114e00.HTM (accessed January 14, 2009); “Furs,” Ullmann’s
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition, 1985-1996.
50
Bont voor Dieren, Press Release, December 8, 2003, Up to 3 to 5 Times Permitted Chromium Levels in Fur
Items. http://www.bontvoordieren.nl/english/press.php?id=21 (accessed January 11, 2009).
51
United States. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006 Reporting Year List of TRI Chemicals.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf (accessed December 11, 2008).
52
AAFA-RSL July 2008, Release 3. Chart.
http://www.apparelandfootwear.org/UserFiles/File/Restricted%20Substance%20List/AAFARSLFinalRelease3.pdf
(accessed August 21, 2008).
53
State of California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. August 1, 2008.
http://www.oehha.org/Prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single080108.pdf (accessed August 21, 2008).
54
“Furs.” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition, 1985-1996.
55
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Basis of OSHA Carcinogens.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/OSHA/carcinog.pdf (accessed December 18, 2008).
56
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs - Group 2B:
Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans” (Vol. 82; 2002). http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/crthgr02b.php
(accessed January 13, 2009).
57
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. National Toxicology Program (NTP). Report on
Carcinogens (RoC), Eleventh Edition. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/reason.pdf (accessed August 21,
2008).
58
United States. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006 Reporting Year List of TRI Chemicals.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf (accessed December 11, 2008).
59
AAFA-RSL July 2008 – Release 3. Chart.
http://www.apparelandfootwear.org/UserFiles/File/Restricted%20Substance%20List/AAFARSLFinalRelease3.pdf
(accessed August 21, 2008).
60
State of California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. August 1, 2008.
http://www.oehha.org/Prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single080108.pdf (accessed August 21, 2008).
61
Ibid.
62
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006 Reporting Year List of TRI Chemicals.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf (accessed December 11, 2008)
63
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Basis of OSHA Carcinogens.
http://epa.gov/tri/trichemicals/OSHA/carcinog.pdf (accessed December 11, 2008).
64
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. National Toxicology Program (NTP). Report on
Carcinogens (RoC), Eleventh Edition. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/reason.pdf (accessed August 21,
2008).
65
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs - Group 2A:
Probably Carcinogenic to Humans” (Vol. 87; 2006). http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/crthgr02a.php
(accessed January 13, 2009).
66
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs - Group 2B:
Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans.” http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/crthgr02b.php (accessed January
13, 2009).
67
Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 88.6, 4
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edition, Vol. 3, edited by Jeanne Mager Stellman,
International Labour Office.
68
Sandra A. Petralia, PhD, Wong-Ho Chow, PhD, Joseph McLaughlin, PhD, Fan Jin, MD,
Yu-Tang Gao, MD, and Mustafa Dosemeci, PhD, Occupational Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Among Women in Shanghai, American Journal of Industrial Medicine 34:477–483 (1998).
69
FDA’s proposed definition of “natural” (1991): 56 Federal Register 229, 60421, 60466; November 27, 1991;
USDA’s legal definition for “natural,” applying to meat and poultry: http://www.afdo.org/afdo/position/2007-
Papers.cfm (accessed August 20, 2008).
70
“Furs.” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition, 1985-1996.
71
International Fur Trade Federation. “Fast Facts.” http://www.iftf.com/iftf_3_2_2.php (accessed October 15,
2008).
72
European Commission. Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. The Welfare of Animals Kept for
Fur Production: Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. Adopted December 12-
13, 2001.
73
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Gray Wolf Recovery Status Report. January 25, 2008.
http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/WeeklyRpt08/wk01252008.html (accessed August 27,
2008).
74
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Gray Wolf (Canis lupus). March 11, 1967.
http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A00D (accessed August 27, 2008).
75
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Gray Wolf Recovery Status Report. October 28, 2005.
http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/WeeklyRpt05/wk10282005.htm (accessed August 27,
2008).
76
Canada Lynx Listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Canada
Lynx (Lynx canadensis). March 24, 2000. http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A073
(accessed August 27, 2008).
77
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). May 1, 2008.
http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=B008 (accessed August 27, 2008).
78
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Bald Eagle History.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/birds/eagles/history.html (accessed August 27, 2008).